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Why do some 2-seat fighters sit next to each other while other pilots match them?
2 Seat Fighter Jets
In several multi-seat fighters, such as the F-111 Aardvark, the pilots sit side by side:
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In other multi-seat fighters (many of which look like this), pilots sit face-to-face like the F-15E:
Why do some fighter pilots have the same line? Is there an aerodynamic or performance advantage to them having a row? Or maybe a bubble wrap that would give it a better look? It seems that it will be easier to work together when they are side by side.
So why do some multiplayer fighters sit on the sidelines while others queue?
A tandem configuration (back-to-back) is used in single-seat aircraft. The F-15, F-16, and F/A-18 are primarily single-seat aircraft. Rather than adding a second position, it is much easier to widen the nose slightly to make it wider. This configuration is also more aerodynamic, requiring less frontal area.
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Fighter aircraft designed for two crews will often choose a tandem configuration for aerodynamics. If both seats require forward facing, there is a compromise. Some aircraft, such as the F-15E, can fly from both seats, even if there is little visibility from the rear. It is possible to have side-by-side bubble covers (this is especially common on aircraft sets), although this will create more drag than a tandem cover.
Sitting with the crew can be useful for crew interaction and tool exchange. The F-111 is such a special case:
The USAF wanted a tandem-seat aircraft for low-level ground attack, while the Navy wanted a short, high-altitude interceptor that sat side-by-side to allow the pilot and RIO to share a radar screen.
Designing a running capsule can also be easier. Of course, the Navy changed its mind and went with the F-14 for better maneuverability.
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The main reason for tandem seating in fighter jets is that it provides better performance than the side-by-side version. This is why most high-performance fighters have a tandem seating arrangement.
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Another advantage of the tandem seating arrangement is that it is relatively easy to change from a single seat to a double seat (and vice versa) and requires minimal design changes compared to side-by-side seating.
The main advantage of the side-by-side seating arrangement is that it allows better work sharing between the crew and reduces the need for duplication of flight instruments. Crew comfort is also better for long-haul flights, reducing fatigue.
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Also, the customer (Air Force/Navy) can decide which installation to use. For example, early post-war British trainers sat side by side as the RAF preferred this arrangement.
"YB-52sideview" by original uploader was Sf46 on en.wikipedia, then uploaded by Nobunaga24 on en.wikipedia. (Original text: United States Air Force) - copied from en.wikipedia Posted by user: Nobunaga 24. (Original text: USAF Museum website). Licensed under Public Domain via Commons.
However, General Lemmy decided to use the better and better equipment of the one-way arrangement coupe, and the arrangement was changed from tandem to one-way.
"Boeing B-52D-40-BW (SN 56-0695) and GAM-72 Quail decoy missile and trailer 061127-F-1234S-010" by the US government. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons.
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Another point not mentioned here is that the F-111 was designed during the time frame in which the Air Force and its contractors were experimenting with the fuselage lift principle. At that time, a lot of work was going on to expand the fuselage and make it function as a wing. The primary advantage the Air Force sought was additional lift, which equated to additional weapon loads. Contractors also found that the lift-generating fuselage reduced structural stress on the wings and increased fuel capacity (increased range).
As others have said, tandem cockpits have the advantage that they create slimmer fuselages and require less modification than single-seat types. Two-seat modifications are not always a problem, as most aircraft are designed as two-seaters, such as the F-4 and F-14.
And the F-15. The F-15 single and two-seaters share the same canopy, the second seat and instruments differ between the single and two-seaters (I'll leave out the F-15E Strike Eagle, which has many changes to the cockpit and the rest of the .aircraft).
Most tandem aircraft have separate front and rear cockpits, with the pilot and copilot/RIO/WSO having almost completely independent functions. Most rear seats don't even have flight controls. Even so, rearward visibility is very limited, so backseat pilots only undertake the flight to reduce fatigue of the forward pilot (when in cruise or airborne) or when the forward pilot is free.
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OTOH, side-by-side designs improve cooperation between pilots and make for more spacious and less boring cockpits. Su-34 and B-2 have enough space between the seats for one person to lie down and sleep/rest, which is a great luxury. In addition to long-duration missions, most aircraft with side-by-side cockpits have low-impact missions. Low and fast missions require great cooperation between the pilots as they are seconds away from touching down at any time. The F-111, B-1, Su-24 and Su-34 also have side-by-side cockpits for this reason.
The single-seat Ka-50 helicopter was superseded by the Ka-52, mainly due to the heavy workload of a single pilot. Russia had developed the Ka-50-2 tandem cockpit design (a concept that was rejected in the Turkish military tender in favor of the ex-USMC Cobra), but they still continued to develop the Ka-52 to improve pilot coordination. However, most attack helicopters (Mi-24, Cobra, Apache, Mi-28, etc.) have tandem cockpits to provide a small forward target for ground fire, apart from the usual aerodynamic concerns.
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Russia - September 27, 2019: The first joint flight of the Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik heavy unmanned combat aircraft ... [+] air vehicle and the Sukhoi Su-57 jet fighter. As part of the test program, Okhotnik made a fully unmanned flight from the air to the warning zone. Video screen capture / Russian Ministry of Defense / TASS (Photo by TASS\TASS via GetImages)
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Russia's state-run Tass news agency reported on Monday that a US aerospace company is developing a two-seat version of its twin-engine Su-57 stealth fighter (designated Felon by NATO) that can perform four acts. control center. The high-end Okhotnik-B ("Hunter") was once a stealth combat drone.
The Russian Defense Forces declined to confirm or deny the claim, made by an anonymous defense industry source. News of work on the Su-57 twin-seater is not new, but the drone control argument is. In June, Deputy Prime Minister Yuri Borisov said that "the Ministry of Defense and the Sukhoi Design Bureau plan to develop two pilot aircraft, which will increase export demand for this model ... and this may create additional demand."
Going further back, Sukhoi was supposed to develop a conventional two-seater variant of the Su-57, called the FGFA, for license production in India, but New Delhi gave up in 2018 due to lack of progress. Any work done at FGFA could help accelerate the new two-set concept.
NELLIS AFB, NV - APRIL 25: A US Air Force pilot (left) and a weapons systems officer ... [+] The cockpit of an F-15E Strike Eagle as a Nellis Air Force jet prepares for takeoff at the base. April 25, 2006 in Las Vegas, Nevada while participating in Joint Task Force Exercise (JEFX 06). JEFX is a biennial trial of new systems and technologies by each branch of the military to accelerate their application to the modern battlefield. In this year's trials, nearly 1,400 personnel from the United States, Britain, Canada and Australia are testing new technologies on how best to transmit critical information between armed forces during simulated combat in the desert and central Nevada. (Photo: Ethan Miller/Getty Images)
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Two-seat fighters like the F-15E and Rafale-B are definitely a bit heavier and less maneuverable, but are preferable for training purposes because the instructor can sit in the back seat and take over the controls as needed. A Russian defense official told Interfax in December 2020, "It [the two-seater Su-57] can be used to train flight crews of inexperienced pilots, as well as to reduce their psychological stress in bad terrain." Long flights are required. "
In addition, the rear-seat Weapons Systems Officer (WSO) can operate sensors, guided weapons, and other external payloads such as electronic warfare systems.
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